Research Journal of Social Sciences and Economics Review

Unraveling the Economic Quagmire: A Comprehensive Analysis of Rule of Law Violations in Pakistan

Muhammad Ali — 2025-03-20

The rule of law is a fundamental pillar that significantly influences the functioning of a nation's economy and societal institutions. This research aims to comprehensively examine the intricate relationships between the rule of law, public welfare, economic dynamics, justice systems, and societal values, specifically within the context of Pakistan. Methods: Employing a meticulously structured research approach and conceptual model, the study delves into historical factors contributing to the erosion of the rule of law in Pakistan. It identifies elements that hinder the pursuit of justice, ultimately propelling the nation toward devastation marked by widespread poverty, hunger, and despair. The findings underscore the impact of individual and collective societal attitudes, administrative shortcomings, and detrimental social norms on the rule of law. Additionally, the study highlights the obstructive role played by monopolistic business practices and a corrupt ruling elite in impeding the establishment and maintenance of the rule of law. Results: The economic repercussions of these violations manifest in financial hardships, surging unemployment rates, escalating inflation, depleted foreign reserves, a burdensome circular debt, and a precarious external debt situation. Conclusion: This research underscores the imperative need to address violations of the rule of law promptly. Doing so is crucial not only to alleviate the economic crisis but also to restore the well-being of the Pakistani population. The study advocates for comprehensive reforms targeting societal attitudes, administrative efficiency, and business practices to foster a conducive environment for the rule of law, thereby paving the way for economic recovery and societal flourishing.

Enhancing Moral Reasoning among University Students in Lahore: The Influence of Interactive Teaching Methods

Mehmooda Awan — 2025-03-21

Moral reasoning is a crucial aspect of ethical development, particularly in higher education, where students refine their cognitive and ethical judgment abilities. This study examines the impact of interactive teaching methods—including case-based learning, role-playing, game-based learning, and digital discussions—on the moral reasoning of undergraduate students in Lahore, Pakistan. A mixed-methods research design was employed, with a quasi-experimental approach measuring moral reasoning using the Defining Issues Test (DIT-2) and qualitative focus group discussions. Findings reveal that students exposed to interactive pedagogies demonstrated significant improvements in moral reasoning skills compared to those in traditional lecture-based settings. However, challenges such as faculty resistance and resource limitations persist. The study emphasizes the need for blended learning strategies integrating experiential learning to enhance ethical development.

Distributional Inequalities Up Against Income and Consumption

Uzma Tabassum — 2025-03-21

This research delves into the important issue of economic inequalities highlighting its importance from a humanitarian standpoint as well as for inclusive growth which is crucial for achieving sustainability. Focusing on Pakistan, it analyses factors influencing the distribution of income and consumption nationally as well as provincially using data from the Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES). Employing the Conditional as well as Unconditional Quantile Regressions method, this study evaluates the impact of various determinants on all sections of the earnings distribution. The finding underscores the multifaceted nature of distributional inequalities, influenced by various endogenous as well as exogenous factors including individual characteristics and labour market characteristics.

Normality Testing in Medical Data: Classical vs. Adapted Jarque-Bera

Syed Wajahat Ali Bokhari — 2025-03-25

The principle of normality stands as a crucial component for statistical procedure specifically in medical research since parametric methods such as t-tests ANOVA and regression analysis depend on normally distributed data for proper inference. Real medical data databases deviate from normal distribution patterns when researchers observe skews and outliers or heavy-tailed distributions because such variations negatively impact statistical research outcomes. A performance evaluation examines classical and modified normality tests for medical data distribution assessment. Two proposed adaptations known as First Adapted Jarque-Bera (JB*) alongside Second Adapted Jarque-Bera (JB**) join a comparison with traditional tests that include Shapiro-Wilk, Anderson-Darling, Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Jarque-Bera and Lilliefors and Shapiro-Francia tests and D’Agostino’s skewness and Anscombe-Glynn kurtosis and Pearson Chi-Square Test results alongside JB_a, JBσ₂ , JBa,σ₂ tests. The study carries out a detailed simulation analysis with 20,000 replicates among different sample sizes (10, 20, 30, 50, 100) to evaluate these tests against symmetric and asymmetric distributions. Standard testing techniques demonstrate good performance at large sample levels but show limitations when dealing with small sample-based and non-normal data which causes erroneous type I or type II detection rates. The JB* and JB** tests prove to be robust since they sustain stronger error control together with superior detection capabilities in multiple distributional environments. A correct assessment of normality remains essential for valid statistical inference in clinical trials together with biomedical studies. The presented study enhances medical statistics methodology by developing reliable statistical analyses for healthcare decisions making.