Artificial Intelligence and Its Role in Widening or Reducing Social Disparities

Abstract

The growing use of artificial intelligence across Pakistan’s economic sectors has changed how institutions operate, make decisions, and provide services. While these technological shifts have improved productivity and governance in many areas, they have also highlighted long-standing social inequalities. This research looks at the economic and social effects of AI integration in Pakistan. It identifies which groups benefit from these advancements and which remain left out. The study uses a mix of quantitative data from national sources and interviews with professionals in IT, education, and public policy. It investigates differences in access to AI, awareness levels, and the outcomes of its use. The findings show that while AI has improved performance and efficiency in industries like banking, healthcare, and education, its benefits mainly go to urban, well-resourced, and tech-savvy populations. Marginalized groups—including low-income workers, women, and rural residents—face serious challenges due to poor digital infrastructure, limited tech skills, and lack of representation in algorithm-driven systems. This situation further widens the digital divide. Additionally, the growing reliance on automated decision-making and centralized data systems often reinforces existing inequalities, especially in job opportunities and governance methods. The study highlights the need for inclusive education systems, effective regulations, and fair digital infrastructure as essential foundations for broad AI adoption. It concludes that for AI to contribute to sustainable development in Pakistan, policymakers must balance technological progress with fairness and social inclusion. This ensures that innovation benefits society as a whole, not just a select few. By mixing statistical evidence with qualitative insights, this research provides practical guidance for decision-makers addressing new forms of inequality in the age of AI. The study also adds to the larger conversation about digital democracy by exploring how online platforms impact political attitudes and behaviors among university students. These findings have significant implications for educators, political institutions, and policymakers as they develop strategies that promote informed, ethical, and active civic engagement in an increasingly digital political environment.